MEDIA OWNERSHIP

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB)

The BBC began broadcasting in 1926 on the radio and 10 years later began broadcasting on television. The BBC is the purest form of Public Service Broadcasting. Broadcasting as "public service rather than public exploitation" (Lord Reith 1st Director General). Funded by License Fee to avoid commercial pressures. Other TV companies have some public service regulation too. E.g. ITV must broadcast a weekly religious programme, local news programs etc. 

Commercial Broadcasting
A privately owned company in media will broadcast commercials in between the shows. It is based on TV and Radio and used to make profit. There are no commercials on BBC so this applies to ITV, Sky etc. The audience is not 'served', the audience is the product they sell.

Corporate and Private Ownership
Corporate companies basically means that it is not owned by individuals. It can be commercial or Public Service Broadcasting (e.g. BBC, Newscorp. A private company is owned by a (group of) individual(s). Corporate companies have a right to enter into different contracts, can sue or be sued etc, unlike companies that are private. Private is the ownership of company however it does not trade its shares or trade with any other company. 

Global Companies
This is quite self explanatory. A multinational company/enterprise that has a company building in one or more country/location. An example of a Global Company is The Walt Disney Company. Disney has recently bought Lucas Arts (Star Wars) & also bought Pixar in 2006 for 7.4 billion dollars, making Disney the largest shareholder.

Globalisation:

• Bigger audiences to buy products (offer more commercial spaces)
• Exploiting variation - Bigger companies can exploit businesses/smaller companies of their taxes. 
• Economies of scale

 Global Companies own 90% of the Media. 

Concentration of Ownership
A very few companies own almost all of the world's media. This helps knock out any rivalry competition. Concentration of Ownership is fewer people owning numerous media companies. 

Vertical Intergration (owning stuff in different sectors)
When a parent company owns other companies in each sector of the industry. (e.g. the diagram below - it also covers Horizontal Intergration/monopolisation. A single firm(s) involved with the same level of production and sharing resources at that level.

For example - The Walt Disney Company:

Sources of Funding

A License Fee is the way the BBC is funded. Whoever owns a TV must pay a total of £145.50 every ten years. The government sets the level of the license fee, it includes TV, computers, mobile phones etc. Without this license, you are breaking the law.

Subscription is paying in advance, paying for packages. An example for this would by Sky. Although you have to buy a Skybox, if you want anything extra such as sports/movies is approximately an extra £60. The regulations with Sky are a lot looser than a License Fee.

One-off payment to own product is quite self explanatory. You buy a product and it's yours to keep forever, this includes DVD's, games etc. 

Pay per view is basically a service that requires you to pay to watch a particular program through different networks. An example of this would be Wrestlemania. You spend a certain fee to watch for a certain amount of time.

Sponsorship is what you see before specific programs. For example before watching The Following on Sky Atlantic, you always get before and after a sponsorship from Nissan. Not an advert but it's still getting the companies name out.

Advertising is promoting products on a commercial term. It changes the nature of the media producers. You watch adverts in between programs on ITV, Channel 4, Sky etc. But NOT the BBC. 

Product Placement is paying for products to feature in films and television. For example, James Bond drives BMW cars which could appeal to the younger male audiences to buy a BMW.

Private Capital is friends/family/people you know that are happy to invest in your idea/project.

Crowd Funding is similar to Private Capital but is different because you post your idea online with a target goal of what is needed and people who are interested can chip in. Eventually it could total up to the funding that is needed. A example of this is the Blair Witch Project.

Development Funds is lottery funding. Another example is the BFI (British Film Institute) they lend money to film makers who have an idea for feature filming.